Guitar tuner redirects here, but can also refer to the string tsion adjusters also called machine heads. For the radio receiver compont, see Tuner (radio).
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In music, an electronic tuner is a device that detects and displays the pitch of musical notes played on a musical instrumt. Pitch is the perceived fundamtal frequcy of a musical note, which is typically measured in Hertz. Simple tuners indicate—typically with an analog needle or dial, LEDs, or an LCD scre—whether a pitch is lower, higher, or equal to the desired pitch. Since the early 2010s, software applications can turn a smartphone, tablet, or personal computer into a tuner.
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More complex and expsive tuners indicate pitch more precisely. Tuners vary in size from units that fit in a pocket to 19 rack-mount units. Instrumt technicians and piano tuners typically use more expsive, accurate tuners.
The simplest tuners detect and display tuning only for a single pitch—oft A or E—or for a small number of pitches, such as the six used in the standard tuning of a guitar (E, A, D, G, B, E). More complex tuners offer chromatic tuning for all 12 pitches of the equally tempered octave. Some electronic tuners offer additional features, such as pitch calibration, temperamt options, the sounding of a desired pitch through an amplifier plus speaker, and adjustable read-time settings that affect how long the tuner takes to measure the pitch of the note.
Among the most accurate tuning devices, strobe tuners work differtly than regular electronic tuners. They are stroboscopes that flicker a light at the same frequcy as the note. The light shines on a wheel that spins at a precise speed. The interaction of the light and regularly-spaced marks on the wheel creates a stroboscopic effect that makes the marks for a particular pitch appear to stand still wh the pitch is in tune. These can tune instrumts and audio devices more accurately than most non-strobe tuners. However, mechanical strobe units are expsive and delicate, and their moving parts require periodic servicing, so they are used mainly in applications that require higher precision, such as by professional instrumt makers and repair experts.
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Regular electronic tuners contain either an input jack for electric instrumts (usually a 1 ⁄4 -inch patch cord input), a microphone, or a clip-on ssor (e.g., a piezoelectric pickup) or some combination of these inputs. Pitch detection circuitry drives some type of display (an analog needle, an LCD simulated image of a needle, LED lights, or a spinning transluct disk illuminated by a strobing backlight). Some tuners have an output, or through-put, so the tuner can connect 'in-line' from an electric instrumt to an instrumt amplifier or mixing console. Small tuners are usually battery powered. Many battery-powered tuners also have a jack for an optional AC power supply.
Some rock and pop guitarists and bassists use stompbox format electronic tuners that route the electric signal for the instrumt through the unit via a
1 ⁄4 -inch patch cable. These pedal-style tuners usually have an output so that the signal can be plugged into an amplifier.
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Most musical instrumts gerate a fairly complex waveform with multiple related frequcy componts. The fundamtal frequcy is the pitch of the note. Additional harmonics (also called partials or overtones) give each instrumt its characteristic timbre. As well, this waveform changes during the duration of a note. This means that for non-strobe tuners to be accurate, the tuner must process a number of cycles and use the pitch average to drive its display. Background noise from other musicians or harmonic overtones from the musical instrumt can impede the electronic tuner from locking onto the input frequcy. This is why the needle or display on regular electronic tuners tds to waver wh a pitch is played. Small movemts of the needle, or LED, usually represt a tuning error of 1 ct. The typical accuracy of these types of tuners is around ±3 cts. Some inexpsive LED tuners may drift by as much as ±9 cts.
Clip-on tuners typically attach to instrumts with a spring-loaded clip that has a built-in contact microphone. Clipped onto a guitar headstock or violin scroll, these sse pitch ev in loud vironmts, for example wh other people are tuning.
Some guitar tuners fit into the instrumt itself. Typical of these are the Sabine AX3000 and the NTune device. The NTune consists of a switching pottiometer, a wiring harness, illuminated plastic display disc, a circuit board and a battery holder. The unit installs in place of an electric guitar's existing volume knob control. The unit functions as a regular volume knob wh not in tuner mode. To operate the tuner, the player pulls the volume knob up. The tuner disconnects the guitar's output so the tuning process is not amplified. The lights on the illuminated ring, under the volume knob, indicate the note being tuned. Wh the note is in tune a gre in tune indicator light illuminates. After tuning is complete the musician pushes the volume knob back down, disconnecting the tuner from the circuit and re-connecting the pickups to the output jack.
Tune Your Guitar
Gibson guitars released a guitar model in 2008 called the Robot Guitar—a customized version of either the Les Paul or SG model. The guitar is fitted with a special tailpiece with in-built ssors that pick up the frequcy of the strings. An illuminated control knob selects differt tunings. Motorized tuning machines on the headstock automatically tune the guitar. In intonation mode, the device displays how much adjustmt the bridge requires with a system of flashing LEDs on the control knob.
A needle, LCD or regular LED type tuner uses a microprocessor to measure the average period of the waveform. It uses that information to drive the needle or array of lights. Wh the musician plays a single note, the tuner sses the pitch. The tuner th displays the pitch in relation to the desired pitch, and indicates whether the input pitch is lower, higher, or equal to the desired pitch. With needle displays, the note is in tune wh the needle is in a 90° vertical position, with leftward or rightward deviations indicating that the note is flat or sharp, respectively. Tuners with a needle are oft supplied with a backlight, so that the display can be read on a darked stage.
For block LED or LCD display tuners, markings on the readout drift left if the note is flat and right if the note is sharp from the desired pitch. If the input frequcy is matched to the desired pitch frequcy the LEDs are steady in the middle and an 'in tune' reading is giv.
Guitar Tuner Radio
Some LCDs mimic needle tuners with a needle graphic that moves in the same way as a guine needle tuner. Somewhat misleadingly, many LED displays have a 'strobe mode' that mimics strobe tuners by scrolling the flashing of the LEDs cyclically to simulate the display of a true strobe. However, these are all just display options. The way a regular tuner 'hears' and compares the input note to a desired pitch is exactly the same, with no change in accuracy.
The least expsive models only detect and display a small number of pitches, oft those pitches that are required to tune a giv instrumt (e.g., E, A, D, G, B, E of standard guitar tuning). While this type of tuner is useful for bands that only use stringed instrumts such as guitar and electric bass, it is not that useful for tuning brass or woodwind instrumts. Tuners at the next price point offer chromatic tuning, the ability to detect and assess all the pitches in the chromatic scale (e.g., C, C♯ , D, D♯ , etc.). Chromatic tuners can be used for B♭ and E♭ brass instrumts, such as saxophones and horns. Many models have circuitry that automatically detects which pitch is being played, and th compares it against the correct pitch. Less expsive models require the musician to specify the target pitch via a switch or slider. Most low- and mid-priced electronic tuners only allow tuning to an equal temperamt scale.
Electric guitar and bass players who perform concerts may use electronic tuners built into an effects pedal, oft called a stomp box. These tuners have a rugged metal or heavy-duty plastic housing and a foot-operated switch to toggle betwe the tuner and a bypass mode. Professional guitarists may use a more expsive version of the LED tuner mounted in a rack-mount case with a larger range of LEDs for more accurate pitch display. On many electronic tuners, the user can select a differt note—useful for, for example, dropping a guitar's tuning to a lower pitch (e.g., Dropped tuning). Many models also let the user select referce pitches other than A440. This is useful to some Baroque musicians who play period instrumts at lower referce pitches—such as A=435. Some higher-priced
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